Conservation Gap Analysis of Native Mesoamerican Oaks

Over a third of threatened or understudied oak tree species in Mesoamerica are not held in managed botanical collections anywhere in the world, and for many species protection of their native habitats is lacking.

These are among the findings in a new Conservation Gap Analysis of Native Mesoamerican Oaks, published in September 2024, which was conducted by researchers at The Morton Arboretum. Researchers stress in the report that it's critically important to conserve these trees now, before land-use conversion, climate change, and other threats further alter their natural environments. (Mesoamerica is used here to refer to the region extending from the US–Mexico border through Panama.)

Oaks are valuable keystone species that perform critical ecosystem functions and provide food and habitat for myriad animals.

“Mesoamerica is a global hotspot for oak biodiversity,” said report lead author Kate Good, the Arboretum’s global tree conservation research program manager. “In the face of climate change and habitat degradation, there is an urgent need to increase the number of Mesoamerican oaks in collections within their native country to help prevent further biodiversity loss.”

As of 2022, 22 species, or 37%, are not held in managed botanical collections anywhere in the world.

“We hope this report can help identify potential areas for collaboration and set conservation priorities, both in native habitats and managed botanical collections," Good said.

The report focuses on 59 species in the region on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species assessed as either threatened or Data Deficient. The IUCN Red List is the globally recognized and standardized system for assessing the extinction risk of the world’s plant, animal, and fungal species.

Climate change was identified as a threat for all 59 threatened or Data Deficient Mesoamerican oak species. Additionally, agriculture presents threats to 72% of the species, while residential or commercial development threatens 69% of the species.

Overall, the report indicates that 85% of the analyzed oak species are projected to see a decrease in the areas where they are most commonly found under the climate conditions predicted for the years 2061–2080. A decrease in a species’ preferred “life-zone area” does not necessarily mean it will no longer survive in the new environment, according to the report. However, it does mean conservation activities are strongly needed to prevent potential biodiversity loss. Education, outreach, research, and propagation or breeding programs were the most commonly cited priorities in the report for future conservation efforts.

The analysis also showed 16, or approximately one quarter, of the target species have less than 10% of their native range in protected areas. Among the 59 oaks analyzed for the report were the Critically Endangered Muller oak (Quercus mulleri), known to live in only two locations in Mexico; Endangered encino arroyero (Q. brandegeei) native to southern Baja California Sur, Mexico; Vulnerable oak species Quercus gulielmi-treleasei native to Costa Rica, Mexico, and Panama; and data-deficient White Oak Quercus deliquescens from Chihuahua, Mexico, to name a few.

“For many species, little is known regarding population size, distribution, or threats,” said report co-author Silvia Alvarez-Clare, Ph.D., director of the Arboretum’s Global Tree Conservation Program. “This analysis helps to fill those knowledge gaps and is a crucial step toward facilitating partnerships and spurring conservation action to help protect threatened Mesoamerican oaks before time runs out.”

The Conservation Gap Analysis of Native Mesoamerican Oaks is now live on The Morton Arboretum's website, in English and Spanish versions. You can view the report online here and download the reports in PDF format, using the links on the overview page. Note that the report on Data Deficient species and the Main Report are published in separate PDFs. In addition, you can view/download Species Profiles for each of the threatened species included in the analysis.