A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Sacred Oaks of Šumadija (Serbia)

Kristina Živanović, Filip Grbović, Maja Korolija, Sonja Veljović Jovanović, Zoran Blagojević, Marija Jovanović, Nevena Krstić, Filip Maksimović, Marija Milošević, and Nikola Šušić

Published May 2026 in International Oaks No. 37: 365–372

Abstract

Based on currently available open-access databases, the Šumadija region in central Serbia hosts approximately 2 sacred trees per 10 km², around half of which are oaks (primarily Quercus frainetto, Q. pubescens, Q. robur, and Q. cerris). However, there is no comprehensive database on the biological and socio-cultural aspects of these sacred trees. The main goal of this study was to identify, document, and conserve the sacred trees of Šumadija. To build on existing knowledge, the citizen-science method was employed. This included mapping the trees, conducting bio-eco-physiological measurements, and socio-cultural research. The measurements included tree diameter, height, and crown spread, general health indicators, and the presence of microhabitats. In the first 42 out of 176 cadastral communities, 128 sacred trees were recorded (47% oaks) and 27 “hidden gems” were identified. Up to 25 distinct microhabitats were documented on single trees, including habitats for the IUCN Vulnerable Cerambyx cerdo, a saproxylic beetle. Current research suggests that sacred oaks often represent rare, large, old specimens of the above-mentioned oak species in a region heavily affected by anthropogenic activities such as afforestation and clear-cutting practices. Although the sacred trees themselves are partly protected by local communities, long-term preservation of the biological and socio-cultural data of these trees is needed. This information is crucial for highlighting the role of sacred trees in ecosystem services and microhabitat preservation, as well as for the conservation of old trees and their cultural significance.

Keywords

European oaks, citizen science, microhabitats, cultural heritage, conservation

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